The current effects of urbanizations on parking: With more people coming into cities, utilizing mobile devices, and enjoying a greater selection of products and services, urbanization is creating stronger parking preferences and more digital influence reservations, payments, reviews, and more.
Future impacts of urbanization on mobility: More people in cities also means more traffic, congestion, and emissions. Cities are responding now to create a better future where autonomous and electric vehicles can thrive.
For parking assets, this means services like EV charging are critical. Causes of Urbanization. Causes of urbanization include: Industrial Growth: The explosion of industrialization and manufacturing enterprises within a certain urban area gives rise to more employment opportunities — which is another factor of urbanization. Employment : Rural areas commonly are agricultural.
Urbanization and industrial growth create opportunities for jobs that pay more, are more diverse, and may be less physically demanding. Social Factors: Many urban areas allow for better living standards, including superior educational facilities, better access to healthcare, modern housing, and more recreational activities.
Economic Problems: Many people may choose to migrate from a world area, as it is generally not as economically stable or wealthy as a booming urban city. Political Turmoil: War, civil unrest, and other sources of political disorder often are woes of developing areas.
This turbulence — and potential danger — can be enough to make anyone want to move. Modernization: New technology upgrades the infrastructure of urban areas. Better communication, medical facilities, and various social amenities can attract those from rural areas.
Positive Effects of Urbanization. Employment Opportunities With industrialization comes the creation of jobs. Modernization Modern technology provides for a better city infrastructure. Access Industrialization coupled with modernization brings an ample amount of access for a city and the citizens within it.
Problems of Urbanization. Solutions To Urbanization. Improved Mobility Solutions Starting with smarter parking management, cities can start to design improved mobility solutions that include micromobility options like eScooters plus future-ready options like both DC fast and standard EV charging can ultimately make urban areas and cities more livable for a wider range of residents.
With the cities came the factories. But today many developing countries, though highly urbanised, lack large industrial sectors. Nigeria, for example, has the same percentage of its population living in cities as China does. In our forthcoming paper we find that the historically tight relationship between urbanisation and industrialisation breaks down for much of the developing world.
In particular, this divergence is reflected in the large number of natural resource exporters that have urbanised without industrialising. We compared urbanisation rates to the share of manufacturing and services represented in GDP This indicates that non-resource exporting countries maintain a tight positive relationship between industrialisation and urbanisation.
This is consistent with the historical association. No such relationships exist for countries that rely more heavily on natural resource exports. The breakdown of the link between urbanisation and industrialisation is pronounced across regions.
But in Africa and the Middle East no such association is apparent. Here an increasing share of natural resources in GDP is tightly correlated with urbanisation. Our paper makes these correlations more explicit, and confirms that they are robust.
We used a sample of developing countries observed each decade from to Modern industries need more space so tend to locate on the edge of the city. High unemployment in inner city areas where the old industries were once located leads to social problems. Changes in shopping have also caused problems. City centre locations are no longer favoured.
There has been a recent growth in out of town shopping centres, which has led to the decline of many CBDs central business districts. The area had been in decline since the 's. This is because larger ships could no longer access the port. Unemployment soared, the back to back terraced housing fell into disrepair and their was a lack of transport and leisure facilities. The area became on the first Enterprise Zones in The land was made rate free for ten years. Between many changes occurred within the Docklands.
For example: Employment Low rents attracted a number of hi-tech and financial firms. Housing Many of the former warehouses have been transformed into luxury flats.
This is an example of gentrification. Low cost housing has also been built along with the renovation of older council owned properties. Leisure A large shopping area was constructed close to Canary Warf. A number of parks have been created where buildings once stood. More recently the Millennium Dome was built in this area. London's Docklands. Wastewater from human settlements contains organic material and nutrients; industrial wastewater contains many different types of toxic pollutant.
These make the water unsafe for humans to use for many purposes including drinking and irrigation, as well as harming the fish and other animals and plants living in the water. Any changes to the quality of surface water also affects groundwater because they are linked by the processes of the water cycle so pollutants from the surface will infiltrate down and contaminate soil and groundwater as well.
In many towns and cities solid waste management is inefficient or non-existent. Solid waste management means the proper collection, transfer, recycling and disposal of all the solid material we throw away, including plastics, paper and cardboard, food wastes, electrical waste, etc. It also includes industrial, hospital and institutional wastes which often contain pathogens as well as hazardous and toxic chemicals, which need special care.
Urban waste often ends up in illegal dumps on streets, open spaces, wastelands, drains or rivers. This is frequently a problem in peri-urban areas, which are convenient for dumping wastes because of the availability of open space and ease of access from central urban areas. This can lead to the pollution of groundwater and surface waters which may be used as a source for drinking water. Sometimes the wastes are collected and taken to legalised waste disposal sites but these are not always properly managed to protect water bodies and groundwater.
The combustion of solid waste creates yet another environmental problem. People want to get rid of the wastes and they will burn them in their backyards if there is no collection system Figure 5.
Air quality in towns and cities is frequently very poor as a result of air pollution from many different sources Figure 5. These include:. Poor air quality has a significant impact on the health of many urban residents as well as leaving a damaging and unsightly layer of dust on plants, buildings and other surfaces.
Urbanisation can have both positive and negative effects on health. The main benefits are associated with easier access to hospitals, clinics and health services in general.
If you live close to these services you can reach a doctor in minutes rather than hours or days, so this improves emergency care and general health. There are also benefits from easier access to sources of information such as radio and television which may be used to communicate information about health to the general public.
For example, women living in towns and cities are more likely to be informed about family planning, which results in reduction in family size and less frequent childbirth, with consequent benefits to general health. However, urban life can also damage your health. Poor environment, housing and living conditions are the main reasons for poor health in urban areas.
Contamination of water sources can cause epidemics of waterborne disease. Close proximity to other people can make the spread of many types of infectious disease more likely. The polluted air can also cause respiratory disease and contribute to premature deaths among more vulnerable sections of the population such as older people and children.
Population movements also put pressure on food supplies and on food distribution. As people migrate to the cities, they tend to use purchased food instead of their own crops and this makes them more vulnerable to changes in food prices. As the population grows and the demand for water and land increases, it becomes difficult to increase food production in a sustainable way. The increase in urban demand, combined with a loss of agricultural land, means more pressure on rural people to produce food for the growing number of urban people.
Furthermore, pollution from urban areas can disrupt food supply. For example, fisheries are often damaged by urban domestic wastes and liquid effluents from city-based industries. Effluent is another word for wastewater that flows out from a source. In several Ethiopian cities, such as Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Bishoftu and others, untreated wastes are dumped into nearby lakes, which can damage the fish stocks Figure 5.
The process of urbanisation has positive as well as negative economic and social changes. The positive effects include economic development, and education. However, urbanisation places stresses on existing social services and infrastructure. Crime, prostitution, drug abuse and street children are all negative effects of urbanisation.
Also there tends to be a lack of social support for children in school and home by their hard-working, usually poor, parents. Inadequate income, overcrowded housing and poor living conditions create a fertile ground for the development of violence. Crime in the city can create a sense of insecurity in its inhabitants.
This unsafe feeling in city streets separates residential areas into higher-income and lower-income groups, which reduces the sense of community and forms areas with dissimilar incomes, costs and security levels. In the next study session we will look at some of the ways in which these problems and challenges can be addressed by considering the future demands for urban living and by taking a planned approach to the development of new urban areas. Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering these questions.
Urbanisation is an ……………… in the number of people living in towns and cities. The two causes of urbanisation are natural population increase and ……………… Urbanisation affects all sizes of settlements from small villages to towns to cities, leading up to the growth of ……………… which have more than ten million people.
Rapid urbanisation often means that ……………… areas immediately around a city grow more rapidly than urban centres and this can lead to development of ……………….
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